Modified vivigraphic record and process.



E; S. HOPKINS, IR. MODIFIED VIV| GRAPHIC nscono AND PROCESS. APPLICATION FILED MMLZ 1909- RENEWED JULY 31' 191B. 1 ,302,367, Patented Apr. 29, 1919.

[mreuio .Minessea UNITED STATES" PATENT OFFICE. I

EDWIN s. norms, m, or NEW YORK, N. Y.

MODIFIED VIVIGRAPHIG RECORD AND PROCESS.

Application filed March 2, 1909, Serial No. 480,952. Renewed July To all whom it may concern Be it lmown that I, EDWIN S. HOPKINS, Jr., a citizen of the United States, residing at New York, in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented a certain new and useful Improvement in Modified Vivigraphic Records and Proc esses, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates chiefly to-the synchronization of cinematographs, kinetoscopes, cameragraphs, biographs, mutoscopes and various machines of the nature for producmg effects of motion; hereinafter usually termed motion picture machines; withducing effects of motion of successive photographs, however arranged, as on separate leaves, cards, and. on disks and in other ways; causing-thefigures of the film when being photographed to give forth the desired sounds in the proper sequence, so that the visible eflects will-be true to nature.

A sound record of a general phonographie character, of the sounds which it is desired to have accompany the film is then procured in any convenient manner. The record may be made first and the film photographed while the actors follow the sounds as .a guide for their gestures, and this isthe method most often employed.

Whichever is taken first, a certain amount of care should be exercised so that,when the film is projected at a normal speed and the sound record advanced at a normal speed simultaneously from a common initial moment they will approximately coincide. Since however,- the record and are not made simultaneously, certain deviations will Specification of Letters Patent.

31, 1918. Serial No. 247,871.

exist even where the greatest degree of care and skill is used, and such deviatlons will do stroy. the eifect of synchronism unless overcome. S

In my invention I produce a modified copy of the record, as more fully hereinafter described, which by reason of the modifications enables synchronism to be efi'ected.

When a record exists which approximately corresponds with a film, and which when the record and film are simultaneouslyadvanced at'normal speeds will produce approximate efiects of synchronization, it is apparent-that the reason why an exact synchronism is not obtained when the machines are advanced at a fixed ratioof speed is that the cogent parts of the recordare' not distributed along the phonic section or line in the same relative positions as are distributed the corresponding visible effects along thelengthuof the film. The redistribution of the cogent parts of the phonic section, by

inserting blank or silent spaces at some points and by eliminating spaces at other points will sufiice to effect the necessary re distribution. To effect this on a wax-like record is a matter of great difiiculty and for practical purposes impossible, though it may readily be effected on a tape record by cut ting out bodily parts of the record and inserting at certain .points other parts, a plan a which also may be employed in the case of Patented Apr. 29, 1 919. 7

a single phonic line on the priphery of a a wheel or disk of large diameter. In order to 5 redistribute the cogent partsof the phonic section of a wax like record, either a disk or preferably a cylinder, I resort to another plan, a highly useful one within my invention, which consists largely of making a modified copy of the master by the process ofiengraving a blank from a master record by causing the cutting stylus of the blank to be guided by the reproducing stylus of the master, and during such operation stopping one of the machines and advancing the other, or drawing it back any desired dis-' tance thus introducing changes in groove length, and consequently in the proportionate distribution of the cogent parts along the groove, such additions or eliminations of parts of the phonic section of the duplicate as compared with the master being preferably made at silent or non-cogent partsof the records. Such a gnodified copy of a record I shall hereinafter usually refer to as a filmetted record. i I e Having explained the fundamental principlesofmy invention, and certain desirable objects to be attained thereby, before'proceeding with a detailed description of the means employed, I will mention certain other objects, which though not necessarily involved, are often desirable to be attained:

It is generally desirable in procuring the filmetted record that no deviation in the groove from a true helix exist.

It is generally desirable that the exact amount of space to be accounted for inthe phonic section be known, and, its location whether of insertion or omission known.

In carrying out my invention I find it generally desirable to employ the followlng apparatus and construction, but it is to be understood that less than all of the means herein describedfimay for some uses be employed, or parts only may be employed, or other means similar may be substituted, and while the preferred forms embodying my invention are shown, many structural details may be varied, and many changes in details, resorted to, and such other modifications be made as come within the appended claims, without" departing from the scopeand spirit of my invention,

nor do I limit myself to the-particular devices. and processes shown and constructions indicated, although I believe them especially suited to the ends to be attained by my invention.

In the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, and in which the same reference Y etters and numerals indicate the same or corresponding parts:

Ijigures 1, 2 and 3 show a form of recording and duplicating apparatus which I will usually hereinafter term a fihnetting duplicator, the main purpose of which is'to.

accomplish the distribution. of cogent parts of phonic sections on the modified copy of 'a record atv different proportional locations to those occupied bysuch cogent parts, on'the master; and in this term filmetting duplicator'I include all apparatus which may' be adapted to record and reproduce soundand sound records when used in this manner. The filmetting duplicator may not only be used for duplication of records but alsoby substitution of exchangeable parts for recording andreproduction. The term filmetting record also includes such forms- "of apparatus as advance 'the master record and the duplicated blank mdependently' of each other.

I?ig..;1 is a plan, Fig :2 a side elevation and Fig. 3 anend elevation of the filmetting duplicator. This machine is in many respects similar to forms of phonographic duplicators well known in the art, with oer tain new and useful additions. In duplicat placed on a nearby-mandrel, both being revolved at the same speed. A ball pointed :stylus is placed on the master so connected with a cutting stylus placed on the blank that the vibrations or movements of the ball pointed stylus in following the phonic section of the master are reproduced and engraved on the blank by the cutting stylus, the blank thusbeing for practical purposes an exact replica of the master record.

A usefulaprocedure in my invention is to occasionally "stop both records at some se lected locations, preferably a blank space on the master, and holding one of them still, either the master or the blank, I move the other one a predetermined distance or angle, thus producing variations in the length of the phonic groove of one as compared with the other to the extent of the movement. Thus in reproduction no effect is noticed except that the spaces of silence between cogent parts are greateror less than before.

It will be seen that a form of apparatus' could be constructed in which the records would remain stationary and the reproducing and engraving points would travelaround them, but such a form would 7 only be a modification within my invention,

as would also be a form of phonograph in which-the record would remain at rest and against post 12.- Side plate 14 hasa bracket 15 to carry center 7 and an arm 16 to carry center 9. Pinion 17 afiixed to spindle 6 meshes with gear 19 revolving on stud 20 and gear 19 revolving on stud .20 engages pinion 18 aflixed t'o spindle 3.

For some uses spindle 3 may .be driven by the usual belt 22 over pulley 23. osts 21 and 24 through which spindles 3 and 6 pass loosely, serve to support the mandrels when gate 11 is open, so that they will not fall outzof. position. As pinions 17 and 18 are of the same pitch, mandrels 2 and 5 revolve wlth equal velocities. Feed screw 25 .9 and 10. Centers 8 and 10 are carried in. gate 11, hinged at'post 13, and closing is caused to revolve through gear 28-meshing with gear 26 revolving on stud 27 and driven by pinion 18, the feed screw being journaled at 29 in plate 14 and at 30 in post 31. The revolution of feed screw 25 causes 'feed apron 32 to move laterally when clamped thereto by screws 33-34.

Reproducer apron 35 slides on back rod 36, which is supported by post 37 and cross bar 38 which connects post 31 with post 39. Reproducer apron 35 is cut to admit feed apron 32, and carries reproducer ball stylus 40, shown best in Fig.3, in holder 41. A different form of holder may be substituted, adapted to carry an amplifying horn, or for some uses to carry an engraving stylus. The indentations in the phonic section of master record 1 being tracked by stylus 40, cause apron 35 to be bodily moved up and down on back rod 36 as a pivot, the friction caused bythe pressure of apron 32 against'apron 35 1n movin the apron 35 along laterally not being su cient to prevent this vibration and the weight of apron 35'cbeing such asito pre-' vent any breaking down of the indentatlons of the phonic section, and yet of suflicient weight as to cause the stylus to follow the indentations accurately; There'is no fixed connection between the aprons, merely a contact at point 42. Recording apron 43 is similarly causedto be advanced by arm 44 of apron 35, there being no fixed connection between the aprons 35 and 43, but merely a contact atpoint 45. Apron 43 slides on rod 46 fixedin posts 47 and 39, similarly as apron 35 slides on rod 36: Apron.43 is free to move up and down on rod 46 as a pivot, and its weight is carried by the support of apron 35, the sunken surfaces 50 and 51 of apron 35 passing under arms 49, and 48 of apron 43, but not in mechanical connection therewith, the weight of apron 43 being thus supported ultimately on the stylus 40. Thus when stylus 40 enters a depression in the phonic groove 'both aprons sink that much and when it passes over an apex they rise in unison.

As aprons 35 and 43 are ofequal lengths from their center of contact torods 36 and 46, analogous portions on each will move with equal amplitude, and thus cuttingstylus 52 best seen in-Fig; 2, carried by.

holder-block 53 in apron 43, bein disposed as far from the center of-rod 46 asTall stylus 40 is from the center of rod 36, will out indentations in the rebord blank corresponding to thosein the master record,-at the same time of course, cutting a helical groove in" record 4 similar to that in record .1. Somewhat similar forms of duplicating machines are in use in the art, acting on these principles. I make a novel and highly'useful departure from the usual construction ina new form ofmandrelor othermeans of changing theangular relation of the master and blank.

Under ordinary circumstances the master and blank, when mounted on their mandrels are fixed with relation to each other, but I adopt a new form of mandrel in which the ends as 5455 of mandrel 5 and 5657 of of mandrel 2 are atfixed to spindles 6 and 3 respectively, while the center portions of the mandrels may be revolved at will with reference to the fixed ends, a certain amount of friction ordinarily holding the center parts firm in relation to the ends. Thus if end 55 be grasped between the thumb and fingers, the center portion 5 may be rotated about the spindle with the fingers of the otherhand when some force is applied. A formord 4 is ready for engraving the blank, and

when it is desired to move record 4 through a-movement of the mandrel 5 while master recordl and mandrel 2 are at rest, it will be seen that as the aprons are at rest, the resulting groove cut by .stylus 52 when the blank is advanced will not be of a helical character, but will be merely circular in nature, which would in the course of a revolu- ,tion cause the phonic line to overlap itself and cease to advance. In order to impart the lateral advance necessary to cause stylus 52 to proceed helically with respect to the blanks surface when the feed screw and aprons are at rest, block 53 in which stylus 52 is mounted is carried on screw 59 journaled in lugs 6061 on apron 43. The revolution of screw 59 will thus cause a lateral advance of cutting stylus 52 such as is necessary to describe the helical groove on record 4. I

A partial cross section of thisportion of the apparatus taken on line 6263- is shown in Fig. '2, apron 4 3 and rod 46 being partially broken away to show it. As it is desirable for screw 59 not to be revolved while feed screw 25 is in action, and to be re volved only when the center part ofmandrel 5 is being revolved while the remainder of the apparatus is at rest, and then stantly in operation when the rest of the machine is going but they alone move the screw when the other parts are at rest and the center part of mandrel 5 is beingmoved, and being of the same size, one revolution ofmandrel 5 will cause one revolution of.

spindle 66. Screw 59 is provided with a hole much larger than the diameter of spindle 66, so that ordinarily in operation the vibrations of apron 43 are not interferedwith by spindle 66. In orderto cause screw 59 to be revolved by spindle 66, when the remainder of the apparatus is at rest, and the center part of mandrel 5 is being moved, annular wedge 67 encircles rod 66 and is feathered to it so that the Wedge and spindle revolve as one, the wedge being easily slidable along the spindle. When the mandrel 5 is ready to be turned, wedge 67 is forced into screw 59 so, that the revolution of spindle 66 I will thus cause the revolution of wedge 67 and screw 59, and thus as mandrel 5 isturned, gear 64 will move gear 65 and spindle 66 will thus cause the revolution of screw 59 which will give block 53 the lateral 'movement necessary to cause cutting stylus 52 to preserve the helical character of the groove. Block53 moves in, a well hole laterally in apron43 between the lugs in which screw- 59 revolves, but it is prevented by the sides of the well hole from having any'but a lat eral movement. Any number of revolutions of the mandrel may thus be made up to the limits of screw 59, and likewise the mandrel may be turned backward as the revolutlon of the screw 59 in the other direction I will cause the cutting stylus to retreat in the helical groove without breaking it down.

When the change in angle between the rec ords has been accomplished, wedge 67 is disengaged and the whole apparatus may again be started, spindle 66 revolving but as an idle member, the lateral movement of stylus 52 then being derived from the feed screw 25. i

A similar arrangement may be provided with reference to the ball pointed stylus, but as the corrections for synchronism will ordinarily be made on the blank, I have not I shown the reproducer ball so adapted. Further a slight loosening of holder 41 if a necessary will serve to accommodate such cal release througha train of gears operated by the same power that is applied to the belt..

Shaft 68, journaled in plate 14 is an extension of an inner shaft from the driving mechanism, from which belt 22 derives its the escapement wheel.

motion. Shaft '68 carries gear 69, with which it is in frictional connection by ring 70 of suitable frictional material. Gear 69 engages gear 71 revolving on stud 73, and gear 71 engages pinion 74 .afiixedto spindle 3 and of the same pitch and diameter as pinion 18. Consequently the rotation of shaft 68 will operate the whole apparatus. Atfixed to gear 71 is a smaller gear 72, which engages gear 75 mounted on stud 77. Similarly mounted on stud 77 is pinion 76 which engages gear 80 mounted on stud 81. Gear 75 and pinion 76 are connected by spring 78, attached to both, which in the drawing is shown as a helical spring, but which may,

if desirable be a spiral spring. AffiXcd to the hub of gear 80 is escapement wheel 79,

detent arm 8] being provided with arma ture 83 and pivoted in bracket 82. Locking pallet 84: of detent arm 81 is heldin position by spring 85, but whenever an electrical impulse is received by' magnet 86, through terminals 8788, arn'lature 83 is attracted and one half a step is taken by wheel 79, the discontinuance of the impulse releasing the armature, and the pallet 8%) being drawn down bythe retraction of spring 85, the step is completed by wheel 79. When the apparatus is'started, movement continues until the moment of the coiling of spring 78 prevents further progress, at which time impulses of electrical force delivered to the magnet will diminish the moment of the spring by permitting the revolution of gears 80 and 76, and thus the movement and speed of the whole apparatus will depend upon the frequency of the electrical impulses, shaft 68 being given a velocity such that it will be equivalent to or greater than the propotrionate velocity of .No retraction or backward movement will occur when the escapement wheel is stopped for shaft 68 continuing to revolve will wind spring 78 to a certain point and then will be permitted to continue to revolve through slipping of its frictional contact ring 70. Spring 78 further serves a useful purpose in diminishing the vibrations caused by the release of the escapement wheel. Other vibration absorb- 'ers may be inserted if advisable.

Magnet 86 is secured to lug 9O projecting from plate 14:. When it is not desirable to have the apparatus controlled by the magnet and escapement, pinion 74 may be loosened from spindle 3, and moved out of engagement with gear 71, or 76 may be similarly moved out of engagement with 80.

A useful addition within my invention, to the phonograph or filmetting duplicator consists of a counting dial or other means of indicating the number of revolutions and the velocity of the apparatus. A convenient form is shown in the drawings. Pinion 17 bears on its side abevel gear which engages lOI bevel gear 91 on spindle 95 journaled in lug 106 on arm 16 and in post 47, carrying bevel gear 92 which in turn meshes with bevel .mechanisms and manufactures employed, a more detailed explanation of how the ob- 5 jects of the invention are-attained by the means referred to is necessary.

Having procured a record which is approximately synchronous with the film to which it corresponds, trials are made in connection with the film to find the exact location of the deviations. When their location is ascertained, "the amount of variation in angular relation of master record and copy necessary to be corrected will at once be evident. Y

Thus, for example, it is evident that there are more words in the phonic section to that point than'there are suitable actions on the film; therefore the words are occurring too soon and they must be moved along the phonic section and the groove lengthened; the grooveor phonic section being too short as compared with the film. .This lengthen ing may be inserted at the given point, or parts of it may be inserted either between subsequent, or preferably between preceding words.

On the other hand, hind, it is evident that the words are too widelysepa'rated, that is that the word that should have been reached at .such point is still farther along the phonic section. Thus more actions have taken place on the film than words therefor have been reached in the phonic section, and the groove must accordingly be shortened or spaces taken out of it to make the sounds more compactly placed, either at'that point or vfarther on, but preferably prior thereto. A small portion may be eliminated between each word if the most agreeable effect is to be secured.

' In practice both the expedients mentioned will have to be undertaken in most instances,

that is portions of the phonic section will have to be eliminated and other portions will have to be lengthened, often alternately one and then the other.

It may be. well to note that adifference of one sixteenth of a second between picture and sound is quite enough to impair the effect of synchronism. A trotting horse will of dial 100 through bevel gearcertained with ease.

. the

if the words get bein that length of time-go almost three feet, and sound will travel slightly more than 68 feet. By observing. a perfectly syncronized movement, as the impact of-a ball, and then retreating to a point at which an interval may be noticed between the sound and the moment of contact, the interval of time which will destroy synchronism can be as- The best effect is produced by having the sounds a trifle sharp, that is premature, rather than the least particle flat, or delayed. A mathematically exact syncronism will of course be more or less fiat to the audience, particularly to those in the rear of a large hall, while a considerable the least flatness. r

Having ascertained the locations and extent of the deviations between the film and record, the filmetting duplicator is then employed to produce a modified copy of a record in which such deviations are done away with. The proper procedure is as follows: The master record bearing the deviations and the blank are mounted on their respective'mandrels, and the process of copying is carried on until the deviation is encountered. When film gets ahead it is evident that the words which should be on the duplicated record at that point are still farther along on the master. Two expedients can then be followed. The blank can be held and the master mandrel revolved the proper degree forward, or the master may be held and the blank turned-back. In the latter case, that part of the groove containing the last words will be scraped over and somewhat blurred so degreeof sharpness is more pleasing than by the cutting stylus when it advances again.

If it be undesirable to blur the sound or to omit it, and if a highly exact efiect is desired, the deviation may be divided between several portions of the previous phonic section, a little between each word, instead of it all being allowed for between two words, using-when necessary a fresh blank, a number of trial blanks often being used and discarded before a correct synchronic modified copy is obtained, or the master mandrel may be turned forward enough to account for the deviation. In turning the mandrels the Vernier scale 58 will be found useful and the screw 59 forcausing the cutting stylus to follow a helical course should of course be put into proper connection before the duplicateis moved in either direction.

The master may be held at rest and the.

master turned back.

If the copy be advanced, the path cut in the wax will have the effect of lengthening the interval between the words.

It is within my invention to modify the filmetting duplicator so that it would not have to be stopped to make the changes indicated, the requisite. alterations being made while the process of copying is going on.

The principles of my inventlon are readily, applicable to'all the. various forms of sound reproducing machines as well as to those of the cylinder and disk type. In one form of phonograph, electrodeposition takes 10 place as a means of recording sounds. To apply my invention to such an instrument is only ,a matter of modification of detail, or adaptation. Similarly in the case of a phonograph'which consists of a photographic 1 film bearing spaces of varying degrees of density caused by the effect on light of sound, and effecting reproduction by the projection of varying degrees-of intensity of light through such film on a selenium cell and transforming the varying effects back into sound through electrical means, a mere adaptation will suffice to suitmy invention thereto, as will also be the case with the mere tape phonograph and the siren phonograph.

In this specification and claims, the expression, sound reproducing machine 1n-Q cludes all forms of machines-used for the production of sounds from records of sounds once made or duplicates of records of .sounds once made, as distinguished particularly from the kinds of machines which produce sounds from records which are not records of sounds once made, but which are made independently of original sounds,

though intended to produce sounds. Similarly,'the expressions, of a phonographic character or general phonographic character, include not only the sounds of the 40 instrument known as the phonograph, but

also all other instruments reproducing sound from records of sound once made or duplicates thereof, irrespective of the sort of medium employed or the processes employed in securing the record, whether mechanical, chemical, photographic, electrical, .or otherwise, and the expression sound record refers to all such records of a general phonographic character as may be suitable for use in reproduction of sounds in instruments or by processes of a phonographic character.

The expression phonic section? refers to that part of a sound record which contains the record, such as a groove on a cylinder,

disk or tape, a band or space on; aphotographic tape or a chemical or physical line of any sort, while the expression cogent part refers to those parts of a phonic section which have other than silent effects.

The term master as applied to a record refers to theoriginal record made, or a duplicate thereof which may be" used for making modified copies. 6 The expression, motion picture machine 'record inwhich certain of the intervals be tween sound roducing portions have been extended and certain ones contracted as 5 compared with the original from which it was produced, substantially as and for the purpose described.

2. A modified copy of a phonographic record, the phonic section of which is at cer- 0 tain parts elongated and at other parts con-- tracted, as compared with the original, whereby to cause the several portions of the. copied phonic section to hear such relation to the analogous portions of a motion pic- 5 ture film of the same matter, that synchronism of their effects will result when they are suitably advanced at a fixed ratio of speed, substantially as and for the purpose described.

3. A modified copy of aphonographic rec- 0rd, the phonic section of which is elongated at certain-locations as compared with the original, whereby to cause the various portions of the copied phonic section to bear such relation to analogous portions of a motion picture film of the same matter, that the synchronism of their effects will result when they are'suitably advanced at a fixed ratio of speed, substantially as and for the purpose described.'

l. A modified copy of a phonographic record the phonic section of which is contracted at certain locations as compared with the original, whereby to cause the sev- 105.

eral portions of the copied phonic section to bear s'uch relationship to analogous portions of a motion picture film of the same matter that synchronism of their efiects will result when they are suitably advanced at a fixed ratioof speed, substantially as and for the purpose described.

5. A modified copy of a phonographic record with certain portions of its phonic line omitted as compared with the original, whereby to synchronize it with a motion picture film.

6. A modified copy of a phonographic recv ord with new portions interposed in. its

phonic line betweenother portions, as compared with the original, whereby to synchronize it with a motion picture film.

7. The process of making a modified copy of a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in alter- 7 ing, during the operation of copying, the 10- cations of the sound producing portions of its phonic line, so that they bear the same proportionate relation to each other in the length of the line, as are borne to each other i is portionate relation to each other as are theanalogous portions 'ofthe motion picture film 9. The process of making a modified copy of a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in interposing, during the operation of copying in its phonic line portions such as will cause the acoustical effect producing portions to be in the same proportionate relationship as are the analogous optical effect producing portions of the mpti0n.'pict11re film.

'10. The process of making a modifiedcopy of a phonograph record synchronous with a motion picture film, which consists in omittingfrom and interposing in its phonic line, during the operation of copying, such portions as will cause its acoustical efiect producing portions to be in the same proportionate relation to each other as are the analogous optical effect producing portions of the motion picture film.

11. The process of making a modifie'd'copy of a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in dis tributing. during the operation of copying, its acoustical eflect producing portions along its phonic line in such manner as to bear to each other the same proportionate relationship as are borne to each other by the optical efiect producing analogous portions of the motion picture film. 12. The process of making a modified copy a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in extending the phonic line during the operation of copying at selected places for selected extents.

13. The process of making a modified copy of a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in contracting' its phonic line at selected places for selected extents during the operation of copying.

14. The process of making a modified copy of a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in elongating certain POI'flOlls of its phonic line and in shortening certain portions of its phonic line. to selected extents, during the operation of copying.

15. The process of making a modified copy of a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in cansing the modified copy -to he moved at certain places to certain extents during the operation of .copying, while the master record is at rest.

16. The process of making a modified copy of a phonographic record synchronous wlth a motion picture film which consists in causing the master record to be moved at certain places to certain extents durin the operation of copying, while the. modified copy is at'rest.

17. The process of making a modified copy of a phonographic record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in stopping the master record at; certain points and advancing the modified copy independently to certain extents during the operation of 9P 18. The process of making a modified copy of a sound record to be synchronous with an analogous moving picture record which con sists in relatively moving the master record and the copying surface during the act of p 19. The rocess of making a modlfied copy of a record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists, during the operation of copying, of stopping both the master and the modified copy and advancing either in either direction, to selected extents adapted to cause the sound producing portions of the modified copy to have the same proportionate relationship to each other as are had by the optical efi'ect producing portions of the motion picture film.

20. The procem of making a modified copy of a sound record synchronous with a motion picture film which consists in causing the modified copy to be advanced at a rate of speed during the operation of copying whlch varies at selected places for selected durations, as compared with the speed of the master. v

21. The process of making a modified copy of a sound record synchronous with a motlon picture film which consists in altering at selected places to selected degrees the angular attitude of the master record and the mcdified copy during the operation of copymg, thereby to cause the acoustical efiect producing portions of the modified copy to bem the same proportionate relation to each other as are the analogous optical efiect roducing portions of the motion lcture EDWIN S. HOP S, JR. Witnesses:

EDWARD F. ADAMS, Jorm B. Am 

